Publications

2025

1. 

   TokDrift: When LLM Speaks in Subwords but Code Speaks in Grammar

   Yinxi Li, Yuntian Deng, and Pengyu Nie

   arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.14972, 2025

   Abs arXiv Bib PDF Code

   Large language models (LLMs) for code rely on subword tokenizers, such as byte-pair encoding (BPE), learned from mixed natural language text and programming language code but driven by statistics rather than grammar. As a result, semantically identical code snippets can be tokenized differently depending on superficial factors such as whitespace or identifier naming. To measure the impact of this misalignment, we introduce TokDrift, a framework that applies semantic-preserving rewrite rules to create code variants differing only in tokenization. Across nine code LLMs, including large ones with over 30B parameters, even minor formatting changes can cause substantial shifts in model behavior. Layer-wise analysis shows that the issue originates in early embeddings, where subword segmentation fails to capture grammar token boundaries. Our findings identify misaligned tokenization as a hidden obstacle to reliable code understanding and generation, highlighting the need for grammar-aware tokenization for future code LLMs.

   @article{YinxiETAL25TokDrift,
     title = {{TokDrift}: When {LLM} Speaks in Subwords but Code Speaks in Grammar},
     author = {Li, Yinxi and Deng, Yuntian and Nie, Pengyu},
     journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.14972},
     year = {2025},
     url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.14972},
   }